Chapter 8: Psychological Models of Violence
Psychological models of violence: Psychoanalytical model, Behavioral Model, Humanistic Model, Social cognitive model, Attachment theory model, Psychobiological model.
Psychoanalytical Model
Psychoanalytical Model: Sigmund Freud (1890s) discovered the unconscious mind, where unknown wishes and needs influence conscious behavior. Most human behavior results from desires, impulses, and repressed memories. Conscious mind is tiny; subconscious influences behavior. 
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be destroyed but transformed; Freud applied this to behavior—suppressed drives appear in other ways.
Structural Model: Personality consists of Id, Ego, Super ego.
Id: Present at birth; pleasure principle; seeks immediate satisfaction without regard for reality or others. Dominant in immature individuals.
Super ego: Moral part; develops through parental and societal control; internalizes parents' morals; dictates right and wrong; acts as conscience. Example: elder brother warns younger not to take candies, representing super ego.
Ego: Mediator between Id and Super ego; reality principle; conscious; balances Id's desires and Super ego's morals using logical thinking; strongest in healthy person; prevents impulsivity and rigid moralism.
Instincts: Humans driven by Eros (life, pleasure, creative drives) and Thanatos (death drive, urge for calm or non-existence). Concept parallels Hindu trinity: Brahma (create), Vishnu (maintain), Shiva (destroy).
Psychosexual Development
Psychosexual Development: Freud's stages influence personality and interactions with world.
- Oral Stage (0-2): Pleasure via mouth; frustration leads to pessimism, envy, sarcasm; overindulgence leads to optimism, gullibility; conflict of weaning.
- Anal Stage (1.5-2): Focus on anus and feces; conflict between Id and ego/superego; toilet training shapes personality. Overindulgence leads to anal retentive (neat, precise, obstinate); leniency leads to anal expulsive (messy, disorganized, defiant).
- Phallic Stage (3-7): Sexual conflict; Oedipus/Electra complex.
Oedipus Complex: Boy's unconscious desire for mother, rivalry with father; pushed into unconscious; resolves by identifying with father to gain mother's approval.
Electra Complex: Girl's unconscious desire for father, rivalry with mother; resolves by identifying with mother to impress father.
Key Models and Concepts
Unconscious mind, Id/Ego/Superego
Learning through conditioning
Self-actualization and growth
Observation and imitation
Early relationships and bonds
Biological factors in behavior
Summary of Important Points
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Psychoanalytical Model | Unconscious drives, structural personality |
| Id, Ego, Superego | Pleasure, reality, morality principles |
| Instincts | Eros and Thanatos drives |
| Psychosexual Stages | Oral, anal, phallic development |
| Oedipus/Electra | Unconscious desires and resolutions |
| Other Models | Behavioral, humanistic, etc. |